Seed Dispersal Models for Natural Regeneration: A Review and Prospects

Natural regeneration in forest management, which relies on artificial planting, is considered a desirable alternative to reforestation. However, there are large uncertainties regarding the natural processes, such as seed production, dispersal, and seedling establishment. Among these dispersal by wind must be modeled accurately minimize risks of regeneration. This study aimed (1) review main mechanisms models, their characteristics, applications (2) suggest prospects for models increase predictability With improving computing observation systems, modeling technique has continued progress steadily from simple empirical model Eulerian-Lagrangian model. Mechanistic approaches with kernel have been widely used attempted directly incorporated into spatial models. Despite rapid development various wind-dispersal only few studies application We identified potential attributes that cause high poor simulation results scenarios: topography, pre-processing data, inherent complexities processes. can further improved incorporating abscission wind, spatiotemporally complex environments, (3) collisions canopy or ground during flight, (4) secondary long-distance predation. Interdisciplinary research linking climatology, biophysics, forestry would help improve prediction its impact